This policy brief presents a field-based investigation into the realities of solid mineral extraction across three Nigerian states—Ebonyi, Ekiti, and Taraba. Produced by Centre LSD with support from OSIWA, the study probes the regulatory landscape, environmental safeguards, community development obligations, and revenue governance structures shaping the sector at subnational levels.

Findings expose systemic issues: state governments remain marginalized in resource governance, community development agreements are often poorly negotiated or unfulfilled, and environmental regulations are routinely flouted by operators. Excavated lands remain unreclaimed, toxic materials threaten human health, and women and children are actively involved in mining under exploitative conditions.

The brief underscores how informal mining—now a dominant force—evades regulation, resulting in unchecked smuggling, revenue leakages, and social risks. It calls for reforms including stronger environmental compliance, community-inclusive agreements, formalization of artisanal mining, and greater fiscal participation for state and local governments.

By highlighting structural gaps and offering pragmatic policy solutions, this publication is a vital resource for regulators, civic actors, legislators, and development partners aiming to enhance transparency, environmental sustainability, and community welfare in Nigeria’s mineral-rich states.